(Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS
and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components , including transmission lines ,transformerand switching devices
It is common practice to classify the transmission network into
the following subsystems :
Transmission System
Subtransmission System
Distribution System
Transmission System
interconnects all major generating stations and main load centers in the system . It forms the backbone of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230 KV and above ). The generator voltages are usually in the range of 11 to 35 KV . These are stepped up to the transmission voltage level , and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltage are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 KV to 138 KV) . The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system
Subtransmission System
Transmits power in smaller quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations . Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the subtransmission System . In some systems, there is no clear demarcation between subtransmission and transmission circuits. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, The older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function
Distribution System
Represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 KV and 34.5 KV . Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level . The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240 V
Small generating plants located near the load are often connected to the subtransmission or distribution System directly
Interconnections to neighbouring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level
Small generating plants located near the load are often connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly
Interconnections to neighbouring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level
The function of an electric power system is to convert energy from one of the naturally available forms to the electrical form and to transport it to the points of consumption. Energy is seldom consumed in the electrical form but is rather converted to other forms such as heat , light, and mechanical energy
The advantage of the elec-trical form of energy is that it can be transported and controlled with
relative ease and with a high degree of efficiency and reliability
relative ease and with a high degree of efficiency and reliability
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